Impaired escape performance and enhanced conditioned fear in rats following exposure to an uncontrollable stressor are mediated by glutamate and nitric oxide in the dorsal raphe nucleus
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Amino Acids, Acidic - Glutamic Acid
Amino Acids, Basic - NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
Amino Acids, Branched-Chain - 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate
Amino Acids, Diamino - NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
Amino Acids, Dicarboxylic - Glutamic Acid
Animals
Autacoids - Serotonin
Behavior - Escape Reaction
Behavior, Animal - Escape Reaction
Behavioral Disciplines and Activities - Electroshock
Biogenic Monoamines - Serotonin
Carrier Proteins - Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
Conditioning, Psychological
Defense Mechanisms - Helplessness, Learned
Electric Stimulation - Electroshock
Environment and Public Health - Random Allocation
Enzyme Inhibitors
Excitatory Amino Acids - Glutamic Acid
Fear
Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms - Random Allocation
Indoles - Serotonin
Inorganic Chemicals - Nitric Oxide
Investigative Techniques - Random Allocation
Male
Medulla Oblongata - Raphe Nuclei
Membrane Proteins - Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
Membrane Proteins - Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
Mental Processes - Helplessness, Learned
Methods - Random Allocation
Models, Neurological
Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena - Escape Reaction
Nitrogen Compounds - Nitric Oxide
Nitrogen Compounds - Nitric Oxide
Oxygen Compounds - Nitric Oxide
Phosphoamino Acids - 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate
Physiological Phenomena - Escape Reaction
Pontine Tegmentum - Raphe Nuclei
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Receptors, Glutamate - Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
Spatial Behavior - Escape Reaction
Tegmentum Mesencephali - Raphe Nuclei
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Grahn RE; Watkins LR; Maier SF
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