Practice effects persist over two decades of cognitive testing: Implications for longitudinal research | CU Experts

ABSTRACT; ; INTRODUCTION; Repeated cognitive testing can boost scores due to practice effects (PEs). It remains unclear whether PEs persist across multiple follow-ups and long durations. We examined PEs across multiple assessments from midlife to old age in a nonclinical sample.; ; ; METHOD; Men (N=1,608) in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA) underwent neuropsychological assessment across 4 waves from mean age 56 to 74. We leveraged age-matched attrition-replacement (AR) participants to estimate PEs at each wave. We compared cognitive trajectories and prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using unadjusted versus PE-adjusted scores.; ; ; RESULTS; Across follow-ups, a range of 7-12 out of 30 measures demonstrated significant PEs, especially in episodic memory and visuospatial domains. Adjusting for PEs resulted in steeper cognitive decline with up to 29% higher MCI prevalence.; ; ; DISCUSSION; PEs persist across multiple assessments and decades. The AR-participant method provides accurate sample-specific PE estimates that enable significantly earlier detection of MCI.;

Elman JA; Buchholz E; Chen R; Sanderson-Cimino M; Bell TR; Whitsel N; Bangen KJ; Cronin-Golomb A; Dale AM; Eyler LT

VIVO